Introduction

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have emerged as a promising class of materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications, including solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and X-ray detectors. Their tunable electronic and optical properties, coupled with relatively low-cost fabrication, have fueled intense research efforts over the past five years. This mini-review highlights recent advancements in MHP research, focusing on enhanced emission properties through doping and compositional engineering, as well as the exploration of novel applications beyond traditional photovoltaics.

Enhanced Emission through Doping and Compositional Engineering

A significant research focus has been on enhancing the emission properties of MHPs through doping with various elements, particularly Sb³⁺, and compositional engineering to create novel structures. Zhiguo Xia's group at the University of Science and Technology Beijing has extensively investigated Sb³⁺ doping in various metal halide systems. Their work has demonstrated that Sb³⁺ doping can trigger highly efficient and tunable emission in lead-free metal halide single crystals (Yuyu Jing et al., 2020, Chemistry of Materials), enable high-efficiency near-infrared emission in cesium zinc halides (Binbin Su et al., 2020, Advanced Functional Materials, Binbin Su et al., 2021, Advanced Functional Materials), and induce bright green emission from self-trapped excitons (STEs) in Rb₄CdCl₆ (Jiance Jin et al., 2022, Chemistry of Materials). They have also explored the photoluminescence mechanisms of STEs in Sb³⁺-based metal halides (Yuyu Jing et al., 2020, Advanced Optical Materials, Yuyu Jing et al., 2021, Advanced Optical Materials). Furthermore, Xia's team has demonstrated that highly distorted antimony(III) chloride dimers can exhibit near-infrared luminescence up to 1070 nm (Binbin Su et al., 2022, Angewandte Chemie International Edition). More recently, Xia's group has shown that Zn²⁺ doping in organic manganese(II) bromide hybrid scintillators can enhance the light yield for X-ray imaging (Jiance Jin et al., 2023, Advanced Optical Materials) and developed narrow-band green-emitting hybrid organic–inorganic Eu(II)-iodides for next-generation micro-LED displays (Kai Han et al., 2024, Advanced Materials).

Other researchers have also focused on enhancing emission through compositional control. Maksym V. Kovalenko's group at ETH Zurich reported bright blue and green luminescence from Sb(III) in double perovskite Cs₂MInCl₆ (M = Na, K) matrices (Agnieszka Noculak et al., 2020, Chemistry of Materials). Renfu Li and Jian-Rong Li's groups at Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter demonstrated near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield and white light emission in lead-free hybrid indium perovskites using an Sb³⁺ doping strategy (Ling-Kun Wu et al., 2023, Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers). Bingsuo Zou's group at Beijing Normal University reported efficient yellow emission in Sb³⁺-doped indium-based metal halide (Gua)₃InCl₆ (G. P. Zhang et al., 2024, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces).

Metal Halides for Scintillation and X-ray Detection

The unique optical properties of MHPs have also led to their exploration as scintillators for X-ray detection. Biwu Ma's group at Florida State University has made significant contributions in this area. They reported highly efficient eco-friendly X-ray scintillators based on an organic manganese halide (Liang‐Jin Xu et al., 2020, Nature Communications) and reviewed recent advances in luminescent zero-dimensional organic metal halide hybrids (Chenkun Zhou et al., 2020, Advanced Optical Materials). Ma's group also demonstrated a molecular sensitization strategy to achieve high performance in organic metal halide hybrid scintillators (Tunde Blessed Shonde et al., 2023, Advanced Materials). Osman M. Bakr and Omar F. Mohammed's groups at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology provided an overview of metal halide perovskites for X-ray imaging scintillators and detectors (Yang Zhou et al., 2020, ACS Energy Letters, Yang Zhou et al., 2021, ACS Energy Letters). Dai-Bin Kuang's group at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry reported highly efficient and tunable emission of lead-free manganese halides toward X-ray scintillation applications (Tingming Jiang et al., 2021, Advanced Functional Materials) and developed a melt-quenched luminescent glass of an organic–inorganic manganese halide as a large-area scintillator for radiation detection (Jianbin Luo et al., 2022, Angewandte Chemie International Edition). Lei Zhou and Dai-Bin Kuang's groups at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry provided an overview for zero-dimensional broadband emissive metal-halide single crystals (Lei Zhou et al., 2021, Advanced Optical Materials). Zhiwen Jin's group at Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications designed organic cation of manganese halide hybrids glass toward low-temperature integrated efficient, scaling, and reproducible X-ray detector (Youkui Xu et al., 2023, Advanced Optical Materials). Xiao-Wu Lei and Zhongliang Gong's groups at Shenzhen University reported near-unity green luminescent hybrid manganese halides as X-ray scintillators (Jie Zhang et al., 2024, Inorganic Chemistry). Jinsong Huang's group at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill demonstrated surface-defect-passivation-enabled near-unity charge collection efficiency in bromide-based perovskite gamma-ray spectrum devices (Liang Zhao et al., 2024, Nature Photonics).

Perovskite LEDs and Beyond

Beyond solar cells and scintillators, MHPs are also being explored for LED applications. Tae-Woo Lee's group at Seoul National University has made significant progress in this area, demonstrating comprehensive defect suppression in perovskite nanocrystals for high-efficiency LEDs (Young‐Hoon Kim et al., 2020, Nature Photonics, Young‐Hoon Kim et al., 2021, Nature Photonics) and achieving ultra-bright, efficient, and stable perovskite LEDs (Joo Sung Kim et al., 2020, Nature, Joo Sung Kim et al., 2021, Nature, Joo Sung Kim et al., 2022, Nature). Yasser A. Hassan's group at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology demonstrated ligand-engineered bandgap stability in mixed-halide perovskite LEDs (Yasser A. Hassan et al., 2020, Nature, Yasser A. Hassan et al., 2021, Nature). Paul Heremans's group at KU Leuven reported electrically assisted amplified spontaneous emission in perovskite light-emitting diodes (Karim Elkhouly et al., 2024, Nature Photonics). Chaoyu Xiang's group at Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications reported phase dimensions resolving of efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes at high brightness (Shuo Ding et al., 2024, Nature Photonics).

Furthermore, MHPs are finding applications in other emerging fields. Joseph M. Luther and Matthew C. Beard's groups at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory demonstrated chiral-induced spin selectivity enabling a room-temperature spin light-emitting diode (Young‐Hoon Kim et al., 2021, Science). Dongpeng Yan's group at Jilin University reported single-component 0D metal–organic halides with color-variable long-afterglow toward multi-level information security and white-light LED (Tianhong Chen et al., 2023, Advanced Functional Materials) and integrated full-color 2D optical waveguide and heterojunction engineering in halide microsheets for multichannel photonic logical gates (Xing Chang et al., 2024, Advanced Science).

Conclusion

The past five years have witnessed significant advancements in the field of metal halide perovskites, particularly in enhancing their emission properties and exploring novel applications. Doping strategies, especially with Sb³⁺, and compositional engineering have proven effective in tuning the emission wavelength and improving the efficiency of MHPs. Furthermore, the application of MHPs has expanded beyond solar cells to include X-ray scintillators, LEDs, and other emerging optoelectronic devices. Continued research efforts are expected to further unlock the full potential of these versatile materials.

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